The Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) is a collaborative initiative spearheaded by the United Kingdom, Japan, and Italy to create a sixth-generation stealth fighter aircraft.
Officially launched in December 2022, the programme consolidates the UK’s Tempest and Japan’s F-X projects into a single effort, with Italy joining as an equal partner.
GCAP’s primary objective is to replace the Eurofighter Typhoon and Mitsubishi F-2, ensuring its member nations retain cutting-edge air capabilities well into the 21st century.
The programme operates as an equal partnership, with BAE Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Leonardo leading development in their respective nations. By 2025, GCAP aims to transition into its formal development phase, with a demonstrator aircraft projected to fly by 2027. Full production models are expected to enter service in 2035.
GCAP evolved from separate national efforts. The UK’s Tempest programme was unveiled in 2018, involving BAE Systems, Rolls-Royce, Leonardo, and MBDA. Similarly, Japan had been working on the Mitsubishi F-X to replace its aging F-2 fleet. Merging these efforts allowed the partner nations to share costs and pool expertise, ensuring a faster and more efficient development process.
The partnership reflects broader strategic goals. While the UK and Italy sought to enhance European defence cooperation, Japan aimed to secure its airspace amidst regional tensions. Each nation contributes key components, with the UK focusing on the airframe, Japan on propulsion systems, and Italy on mission systems and avionics.
GCAP incorporates advanced technologies including directed-energy weapons, artificial intelligence-assisted operations, and augmented reality cockpits. The aircraft will also leverage manned-unmanned teaming, allowing it to work seamlessly with drones. The UK’s Excalibur flight-test aircraft will serve as a critical platform for testing these innovations ahead of the demonstrator’s expected 2027 debut.
The aircraft’s modular design is another standout feature. This approach allows for continuous upgrades, ensuring the platform remains adaptable to emerging threats.
GCAP is set to have significant economic benefits, with 9,000 people currently employed across the programme. Of these, 600 suppliers are based in the UK, and 400 in Italy and Japan. The programme also represents a boost for domestic defence industries, with the majority of components sourced from partner nations.
In addition to its economic impact, GCAP underscores the importance of international collaboration in defence. The programme’s equal partnership structure ensures that all three nations contribute meaningfully, fostering stronger ties between Europe and Asia.
While GCAP remains focused on its core mission, discussions around potential expansion have occurred. Saudi Arabia and Germany have expressed interest in joining, though concerns over intellectual property and timelines have limited progress. Similarly, Sweden, a former partner in the Tempest programme, has yet to commit to GCAP.
Such challenges highlight the complexities of multinational defence projects. Despite these hurdles, GCAP has maintained its commitment to delivering a cutting-edge aircraft on schedule, with production expected to begin by 2030.
GCAP’s development phase includes the production of a demonstrator aircraft, with testing already underway. The Excalibur flight-test aircraft, based on a modified Boeing 757, has logged significant simulated flight time and will serve as a critical tool for de-risking new technologies.
Meanwhile, updated airframe concepts unveiled in 2024 demonstrate a commitment to innovation. The design features a delta-wing configuration, optimised for range and payload. These advancements underscore GCAP’s focus on delivering a versatile and effective platform.
As GCAP progresses, its focus will remain on meeting the ambitious timelines and ensuring the programme’s strategic and economic benefits are realised. With the demonstrator set to fly in 2027 and production aircraft entering service by 2035, we can only wait and see.
Be like “get on with it”.
I don’t think it’s an understatement to say that this aircraft needs to come in on time and on budget at a reasonable cost or this will be the end of UK military aircraft production. No pressure BAE 😀
That is never going to happen, on such a big project.
Beat me to it, geez we would never have had the Spitfire or first Tempest and follow on Sea Fury, indeed the Merlin engine if we had taken that black and white attitude. It’s about foreseeing, minimising and trying to avoid such issues as far as possible and reducing delays and costs as far as possible accordingly, not judging success and future projects thereafter on avoiding them completely, which is pretty near impossible in complex projects, even if you were simply developing a moderately improved platform let alone a cutting edge one of this nature.
I believe Japan builds jet engines under licence mainly from GE, as well as making components for others. Is it really going to be the lead in new engine development for the Tempest. Does Rolls Royce know?
Is the comment that Japan leads on this actually true?
Is it that RR will design the engine and Japan the propulsion control systems? Which is I think rather more likely?
I think you are right, that raised my eyebrows too. However as RR had been commissioned to help build the F-X engine once the US refused to share technology and also I note the aerodynamic section crucial to those engines (it was even reported on this site back then I believe) I think that statement is something of a cover for the reality of the situation to make sure this all looks like an equally divided project. Fact is that Japan from what I read have some very advanced aerodynamic expertise which some say is why the wing has gone from Lamba to pure delta design but then we are as advanced as anyone on deltas so I think the true situation is far more nuanced be it engine or airframe design. The Japanese no doubt have learned a lot from their engine cooperations with GE and it’s of note that RR itself until a decade ago was working with GE on a very advanced engine for F-35 that both have since independently progressed into their hybrid military adaptive engine designs so I’m sure the Tempest engine will have Japanese input and they may well have lead in certain aspects where their technical, industrial and production expertise may well be more mature than ours. There may well be a Japanese focused version and a UK focused one too, they will obviously be built in each Country so I’m sure answers may well be nuanced to suit. Equally as RR has been working with Japan on their F-X engine probably with substance even before Tempest became solidified on its design and engine development, it may well be that the basis of that Japanese engine work may well become the basis for the Tempest engine too. After all Tempest has undoubtedly become more aligned with the Japanese need for range and weapon load and thus perhaps overall engine size and thrust too that was formulated to suit that.
String Germany along until the Saudi Tiffy sale then……cut.
I don’t mind Germany joining. But have them sign a a tight contract that makes them a junior partner with no veto ability on sales and nuclear carrying.
Yes.
I do, Germany shenanigans during the Typhoon development either to dumb down neuter or outright cancel the jet caused huge delays and cost over runs so if Germany does jump ship it should be on a take it or leave it basis !!
I am aware of Germany’s problems with the Eurofighter program, hence why they should a junior partner and subject to terms and conditions above, heavy fine for pulling out or failure to purchase aircraft.
The UK are working with Germany on a unmanned combat drone program to compliment FCAS. I wonder if this is Germany looking to jump over from the Franco fcas.
Or perhaps have a foot in both camps, but I do think that would be an opportunity for them to have their own lead without affecting Tempest that much as it’s often been said that concentration is on Tempest over any associated loyal wingmen as things stand. So very tempting if they did want to jump the French ship for them to take that lead and development. As I say elsewhere as I expect Tempest to be weapon agnostic, the Japanese will undoubtedly want some US weapons, this will be a very convenient temptation for both sides and without delaying Tempest.
At this stage I think it would be obvious who is in the stronger bargaining position. There is no way whatever the level of their input would they be allowed ‘veto rights’. I would expect, unlike F-35 with new generation coding and indigenous control of software, that and thus a relatively weapon agnostic set up, we could work together on loyal wingman, drone concepts and other complex weaponry without, even if they did cause issues later, exports would not materially be affected as alternatives (often preferred by those buyers anyway) will be available.
But how interested are the Germans is it real or is it a tactic or all but mythical? Mind you I can see how they might be attracted to renewing a little more successfully those early cooperative jet programmes with Japan back in the day. Coincidentally reading about how Japan struggled to get their ME-262 clone (Kikka) off of the ground even with rocket assistance so maybe getting it right this time might have appeal to both parties.
Has anyone seen any info on the Japanese position on sales to third parties? Frankly I can’t see how Japan would be any better a partner at not blocking sales similar or worse than Germany. Many in Japan still want it to be a pacifist nation and are very worried about arms exports. They have regional security issues with China for sure but they are never going to be invaded which tends to put a different colour on the discourse.