The Ministry of Defence has confirmed continued progress on the Future Combat Air System (FCAS), with the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP)—a trilateral partnership between the UK, Japan, and Italy—now formally established as the delivery mechanism for the next-generation fighter platform, according to a written response published on 30 April 2025.
Responding to a question from James Cartlidge MP (Conservative – South Suffolk), Defence Minister Maria Eagle stated: “Progress continues to be made on the Future Combat Air System (FCAS). The core platform, that will sit at its heart, is being delivered through the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP).”
Eagle confirmed that a new multilateral structure, the GCAP International Government Organisation (GIGO), has been created to oversee delivery on behalf of the UK, Japan, and Italy. The GIGO will act as the governmental-level authority coordinating programme timelines, requirements, and strategic objectives among the three partner nations.
Alongside the international governance body, an industrial joint venture is also taking shape. “On 13 December, BAE Systems (UK), Leonardo (Italy), and Japan Aircraft Industrial Enhancement Co Ltd (JAIEC), reached an agreement to form a new company under a business joint venture for GCAP, subject to regulatory approvals,” Eagle said. Both GIGO and the new industry-led joint venture will be headquartered in Reading, solidifying the UK’s leadership role in programme delivery.
The FCAS initiative, with GCAP as its core, aims to field a sixth-generation fighter aircraft by the mid-2030s, equipped with advanced stealth, sensors, networking, and unmanned teaming capabilities. It will eventually replace platforms such as the Eurofighter Typhoon and provide future air dominance capabilities for the UK and its partners.
How far along is the flying demonstrator at Warton?
Suppose to be flying in two years.
I remember EAP flights over my town as a kid back in the 80s. Be good to see just how big it is once it’s flying.
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maybe CGAP?
Capability
Gapped
Asset
Program
Ha, that’s probably not far off the reality.
We don’t say ‘program’ in the UK, apart from in the IT sector. We say ‘programme’. We don’t need Americanisms seeping into our King’s English, thanks!
Very good article about this over on TWZ, including the thinking behind the capabilities required from a ‘Group Captain Bill’ who’s in charge of defining them.
Captain Bill speaks in Americanisms
Yeah the quarterback analogy is painful, but if you’re talking to an international audience they’re more likely to understand that than a rugby union reference.
Really? How many countries play American (cough) football vs Rugby?
Yes I would have thought an Association Football reference would have worked better unless you are talking to video gaming teenagers wearing their caps back to front.
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I notice right at the end that ‘Bill’ was talking about replacing the Typhoon in the 2040’s. The article suggested that this might be an indication that the program has slipped from the 2035 target, although I would suggest that Tempest was always going to be in service with Typhoon at least to start with.
The other thing I picked up on was the idea that the aircraft was a flying data server for the other platforms in the formation. I had not thought of the need for a server to fly close to the drones, but it makes a lot of sense. Tempest is starting to look like a very expensive piece of kit. The only potential mitigation is that computing power (rather than computers) is getting cheaper, so provided you can avoid cramming ‘nice to haves’ into the box the cost of the core capability might not be as eye wateringly expensive as we might fear.
I also, noted another article that highlights that the USMC have suggest that preventing the loyal wingmen drones flying in close formation with crewed platforms from colliding them is still an issue. It seems that even the basics are not yet fully ironed out. Of course, you could always increase the separation distances, may be.
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First GCAP flight is still scheduled for around 2035. The 2040 date has been pencilled in for FOC, which is very ambitious. Especially when you consider the numbers and types of weapons that have been talked about, that each of the Partner nations are looking at fitting. For weapons integration, I believe they are more looking along the lines of the South Korean KF21 program, rather than the F35. As the KF21 program has managed to significantly reduce the time it takes to integrate a weapon.
So far there has been very little released about its loyal wingman. Other than GCAP will need significant computing power to control a number of drones. This aspect has not been talked about with the F47 NGAD program. Similarly, there has been very little news on the progress of other European SCAF program.
One aspect I am taking from the USMC concerns, is that they may be trying to minimize the data-link transmitter power. As the larger separation distance between the F35 and the drone, will need more power to communicate. Which means that the data-link transmission may be detected, even if they are using the highly secure MADL. However, I would have thought that they would want the loyal wingman operating some distance ahead of the F35 acting as a scout, but also sacrificial bait.
With regards to the GCAP requirements, there were two of the key takes I took from the TWZ article. The first was that they want it to have twice the payload capacity of the F35A (not the B). Which would be around 10,000lbs compared to 5000lbs. What they didn’t say was, is this purely for the internal weapons bay, or includes under the wings. I suspect it is for the internal bay, as they have also said they want to keep the jet as stealthy as possible. Which would preclude putting stuff under the wings. Therefore, my assumption is the weapons bays are going to be big.
If we consider the current 5th gen jets, such as the F22, F35, Su57 and the J20. Apart from the F22 with its 6, all of these jets hold a nominal 4 BVRAAMS internally, or with a modification 6 (F35’s Sidekick). So I would suggest GCAP, with the big weapons bay will be looking at starting with 6, but probably aiming for 8. In the BVRAAM game, the person with the greatest magazine depth has a far greater significance in winning a fight.
The second point I took was the unrefuelled range. The article stated that they were looking at enabling the aircraft to reach the USA from the UK without needing mid-air refuelling, as per most other jets. It stated that a Typhoon needs between 3 and 4 top ups to reach the USA. If they reduce this to 1 or 2, then the tanker aircraft can stay much further away from threats. But also allows the GCAP to cover a much wider area or remaining on station for longer when patrolling.
If we take these two points together, the payload bay size and the unrefuelled range. It would suggest the jet is going to be huge. Much larger than the current Typhoon, perhaps more in keeping with the F111 in size rather than the F22. Where the F111 is even 2m longer than the YF23. In keeping with the YF23, Japan were offered a modernized version of the YF23 as a prelude to GCAP. So Japan were also looking at a large jet to fulfil its requirements. There was also the proposed bomber version of the YF23, which would have been larger than the fighter version. Which would have had a payload capacity of 10,000lbs, with nearly a 2000 mile range.
I do see a lot of similarities between the GCAP’s so far published requirements and what was proposed for the YF23.
Interesting points. More modern coding techniques aim at a modularity between weapon/sensor control and flight control than has been possible with 90s derived techniques inherent in F-35 whereby the rewriting of one effects the others and thus thorough testing required throughout… well that’s the claim so weapon integration should if the aim is fulfilled be quicker and easier.
It has indeed been suggested that this aircraft could certainly be nearer to F-111 proportions (the Japanese understandably want a big aircraft) and the US due to the new perceived dangers to traditional tanker aircraft are going bigger too, the stealthy and very expensive tanker concept proposed has been given far lower priority as a result. Of course adaptive engines should help range and efficiency without compromising performance so this will help size wise too.
Of course the F-22 was proposed in various other roles including bomber and long range fighter roles and I have various images of theses, the most favoured of which is very similar in look to the most recent GCAP renderings with a big delta holding a lot of fuel and expanding endurance. What will be interesting will be how the Franco-German effort as it’s difficult to seethe French wanting such a large airframe while strictly Continental operations have less emphasis on out and out range I suspect.
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So has GCAP now absorbed the failed French-German FCAS Program?
No, I haven’t heard that it has failed, what is it you know ?
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So far, we don’t worry too much on the Scaf. It is going at the right pace. Additional Indian orders are in the making for Rafale (150 planes), the F5 version will come in to derisk the Scaf Program, avoiding to be stuck with unproven bricks like in F35. So far so good, we are on track!
Derisk a 6th gen fighter with a tweaked 4th gen one? 😆 That’s desperation!
The F35 is also well proven, no issues encountered by either the Israelis or Americans when used in combat.
except for the fact that they are completely dependent on said Americans..
I don’t know everything. I just know that Rafale fly 2 times more and further than th F35. Cost per hour is half the price. Ammunitions have a longer range, so… So far so good. We are eager to see TR3 and morever TR4… 2029? 2035? Who knows. And I am not even talking about plane / Loyal wingmen coordination, in which a single seat aircraft still have a lot to… prove? The Rafale F5 will be with a loyal wingman or two. This would be a nice combo to attack ennemy radar without relying on fighter’s stealth to drop an unguided bomb to the target from 10 km distance, at which a radar may indeed defeat stealth. USA does not carry combat mission with F35. Israel does, but aginst who? Hamas and Hezbollah? They have a military budget above a Billion dollar? Well, we will see where all of this leads us. I don’t feel desperation on the French side, rather plant expansion and Rafale incremental evolution… Where are UK jets? 😉
I know your GCAP will be something. But as things are, we are on track and fairly ok with how things are going. Our roadmap is fine.
I think you’re protesting too much, Math!
The USAF, USN and USMC have all conducted combat operations with the F-35.
As for the Israelis? Yes – Hamas & Hezbollah. But the F-35 Adir has also conducted state-on-state air strikes on Assad’s Syria, plus against the Houthi regime in Yemen. And in October 2024, the Adir jet was involved in an operation which took down Iran’s much vaunted Russian supplied integrated air defence network.
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Where are UK jets? Protecting Poland and bombing Houthis of late tbh. Oh and to be upgraded with a world leading radar too.
@Alan
We will fly along UK Jets, wherever their is a fight 😉
The industrial aspect of the competition is just the old rivalrly about who is smarter, makes the best stuff. It has nothing to do with who is the bravest. Our Groupes de Chasse will fly along your squadrons, when time will come. I just hope we will have made enough of them…
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I gather that’s a provocative comment, GCAP and SCAF are funded and run separately, still progressing, and neither side would “absorb” the other.
This is yet another World class build and possibly the only real export prospect given the troubled Franco German and Trump fiasco’s.
“Reach for the sky”.
Keep working on the project. This has to succeed for the U.K, Japan, Italy. There is no backup option.
Interesting will be the cost and if there is any spin off developments from the technology.
I hope they’ve included the salary of Tom Cruise in the costings as chief test pilot.
He isn’t cheap and he tends to crash a fair bit.
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This really has to succeed. BAE is basically out of the civil aviation market, having foolishly given away its stake in Airbus and is now effectively a sub-contractor making wings and other bits. It is out of the trainer market, having rested on its laurels with Hawk and not shown any interest in designing a successor. It is down to a one-product aerospace.supplier, building Typhoon, not that they have any follow-on orders. Do GCAP has to be a winner for them.
If they can’t hack it, Britain is out of the top-end fast jet combat aircraft market. Which means nobody is going to be coming to us for collaborative, leading-edge fightet aircraft design and development
I don’t trust BAE to get much right, their sole focus is on short-term profitability..I think the best news in the whole GCAP project is the involvement of Japan. They are much better at bringing government and industry together in the service of a national cause. Their requirement for GCAP is dictated by their proximity to China, requiring them to field a long range fighter/strike fighter more on the lines of an F111. F-35 or F-22 rather than a smaller short range aircraft in the Typhoon, Rafale or F-35 mode.
GCAP will inevitably turn out to be a very expensive design and development path. I would like to see us bringing in Saudi, Canada, Australia etc as Tier 2 launch partners, so generating a big export order book. The danger is that the US offers something more advanced with their F-47 NGAD alternative. Fingers crossed that the GCAP consortium can get a superior aircraft to the starting gate.
…more on the lines of an F111, F-15 or F-32…
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